Pteridophyta in the broad interpretation of the term are vascular plants that reproduce via spores. Other pteridophytes hold their spores along their stems or on nongreen areas known as sporophylls. In bryophytes, sporophyte and gametophyte are connected with each other physically. What is one evolutionary advantage pteridophytes have over. A fern polypodiopsida or polypodiophyta is a member of a group of vascular plants that. Difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes plant.
All land plants, and most multicellular algae, have life cycles in which a multicellular. Pteridophytes are the most advanced seedless group true leaves with branched veins sporophyte is dominant. Nevertheless the sporophyte is the predominant generation. At the time of sporogenesis the reduction division takes place and the haploid spores are formed which represent the first stage of the gametophyte generation. The bryophytes includes three groups of plants such as liverworts, hornworts and mosses. The pteridophytes are found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandy soil conditions. Pteridophyta is thus no longer a widely accepted taxon, but the term pteridophyte remains in common parla. In pteridophytes, sporophyte and gametophyte are separated from each other. In this respect pteridophytes are totally different from bryophytes. Spore tetrads mature with attached elater tissue 34. Diversification of form occurs at each organizational level, producing distinct morphological units.
Occurrence and evolution of pteridophytes biology boom. Spores developed in sporangia are homosporous or heterosporous. The plant body represents the sporophyte and is differentiated into root,stem,and leaves. Pteridophyta sporophytes always start their life from an embryo located on the gametophyte. As with all plants, in pteridophytes, meiosis is sporic, meaning that cells of the sporophyte undergo meiosis and generate spores that then develop into the gametophyte via mitosis.
The body of the sporophyte is well differentiated into roots, stem and leaves. Classification of pteridophytes for a long time the division pteridophyta includedthe ferns, lycopods and horsetails. The different species of selaginella are grown as the garden plants. In pteridophytes, gametes are produced via mitosis from special cells of the gametophyte. Pine seeds contain an embryo sporophyte, stored food in the form of megagametophyte tissue, and a seed coat. Pteridophyta is designed to fulfill the needs of undergraduate and postgraduate students of botany. Furthermore, in hymenophyllous ferns, the sporophyte is.
The sporangia develop either on the ventral surface of leaves as in. The cells in the plant body of bryophytes are haploid. Structure c is the basic cellular unit of the nervous system b. In xylem, trachea vessels absent and, in phloem companion cells absent. The cells in the plant body of pteridophytes are diploid. They are preserved in the form of fossils or coal deposits. Difference between bryophytes pteridophytes and gymnosperms. The kingdom plantae is one of the most widespread kingdoms with over 300,000 different species. The sporophyte 1 produces a terminal strobilus of sporangiophores 2.
The dominant phase in bryophyte is gametophyte while the dominant phase in pteridophyte is sporophyte. However, they do not form a monophyletic group because ferns are more closely related to seed plants than to lycophytes. If i cant get an actual picture of the term, then i need to do something like that for these as well. The alternation of generations allows a haploid gametophyte to mature into a diploid sporophyte.
It is often overlooked that pteridophytes ferns encompass at least 10,000 species making them the most diverse lineage next to angiosperms. They dont have conducting tissues for transportation of water and minerals. Types of stele and its evolution in pteridophytes duration. Because they produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are referred to as cryptogams. Evolution of bryophytes according to these theories the evolution in bryophytes is as follows. Oct 10, 2017 key difference bryophytes vs pteridophytes vs gymnosperms. Two simple steps can account for the evolution of this new structure. For example, for dna replication, i could stand beside a copy machine and hold up two identical sheets of paper. Pteridophytes are seedless and they procreate through spores. Difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes plant kingdom. A sporophyte develops from an egg, held within a flasklike archegonium, that has been fertilized and theres more about that process in the sexual reproduction page the fertilized egg grows by. These organs possess well differentiated vascular tissues.
In bryophytes, the neck of archegonium is with 5 to 6 neck canal cells. Most pteridophytes are terrestrial and grow in moist and shady places while some flourish well in open, dry places especially in xeric conditions. Bryophytes have no true roots while pteridophyte have true roots. Plants are differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves. Some pteridophytes are aquatic and some are epiphytes. Engler 1886 suggested the term embryophyta to include bryophytes, pteridophytes, and spermatophytes. Note the very long stalk or seta and bulbous foot which anchors the sporophyte into the gametophyte tissue. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant with xylem and phloem that disperses spores. Pteridophytes or pteridophyta are vascular plants plants with xylem and phloem that reproduce and disperse via spores. The vegetative plant body is a sporophyte in pteridophytes. This pdf version does not have an isbn or issn and is not therefore effectively published melbourne code, art. Evolution of sporophytes and gametophytes in bryophytes. Publication date 1962 topics pteridophyta, botany morphology publisher.
The sporophyte of bryophytes is called sporogonium which generally consists of a single, terminal sporangium monosporangiate with a bulbous foot and with or without an unbranched stalk or seta. It is the dominant generation and what we recongnize as ferns, clubmosses, et cetera. First, meiosis must be delayed in the zygote, which, as you recall, is retained on the parent gametophyte in land plant ancestors. It is noteworthy that some authors raised the theoretical possibility that bryophytes derived from basal pteridophytes as a simplified form of their more complicate sporophyte structure. The sporogonium is very delicate, shortlived and nutritionally dependent on its gametophyte. Fertilization of one egg is suff icient to trigger the development of a seed. In the bryophytes, these units are the mosses, hepatics, and anthocerotes. Spermatophyte vs pteridophyte whats the difference. Pteridophytes introduction, authors and addresses, systematic list, glossary, and key to tribes. Sporophyte is the dominant plant body while gametophyte is a small, simple prothallus. The pteridophytes are an economically important group of plants. Sporophyte evolution one of the most important innovations of early bryophytes was a multicellular sporophyte fig. A concept based exclusive material pteridophytes, gymnosperms. In pteridophytes, the main plant body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves.
Pteridophyta characteristics, life cycle, classification. The fertilized egg grows by the formation of additional cells. At the top of the stalk is the capsule or sporangium which may be covered by a. A sporophyte develops from an egg, held within a flasklike archegonium, that has been fertilized and theres more about that process in the sexual reproduction page. Like the sporophytes of seed plants, those of ferns consist of stems, leaves. Instead, the water and minerals flow from the surface of the plant cell to cell in the plants body.
On the basis of their anatomy jeffrey in 1902 divided the vascular plants into two types or stocks. Bryophyte vs pteridophyte difference and comparison diffen. They are psilopsida, psilotopsida, lycopsida, sphenopsida, pteropsida and progymnospermopsida. Lycopsida lycopodium, selagnella, sphenopsida equisetum, psilopsida psilotum, and filicopsida ferns bryophytes vs pteridophytes. There is a regular feature of alternation of generations. Pteridophyta, ferns and allies, have approximately 12000 species and six classes. Pteridophyta are mainly terrestrial forms but a few are aquatic also,e. Examples of pteridophytes include ferns, horsetails, clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are.
Difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes difference wiki. The evolution and diversification of epiphytic ferns pdf phd thesis. Though most pteridophytes are homosporus producing spores of the same size and of no particular gender, some species are heterosporus which means they produce spores of different sizes and. Some pteridophytes are aquatic marselia, azolla and some are epiphytes ophioglossum pendulum. International research botany group 2017 international botany project international research botany group international botany project non profit research institute research service botanical team recycled paper free for members of international equisetological association.
I need to take a picture of a sporophytegametophyte or a tangible representation of it. The appearance of true water and foodconducting tissues in pteridophytes represented an event of enormous consequences for the evolution of land plant sporophyte. Which of the following statements best describes the role of structure c in the nervous system. Apr 30, 2016 they are both land plants embryophytes, with all the features that come with that. The sporophyte of pteridophyta possesses welldeveloped vascular tissue consisting of both xylem and phloem. The sporophyte of the pteridophyte produces spores inside the sporangia after meiosis. Given the basal position of these plants in embryophyte phylogeny, 24, 27 to consider this sporophyte less complex than those of pteridophytes is an oversimplification. As nouns the difference between spermatophyte and pteridophyte is that spermatophyte is botany any plant that bears seeds rather than spores while pteridophyte is any plant of the division pteridophyta, of simple vascular plants that reproduce via spores rather than seeds and that alternate generations of diploid sporophyte and haploid gametophyte or prothallus forms, the diploid. In bryophytes, antheridium is stacked while in pteridophytes, it is sessile. It consists of a more or less dorsi ventral leafy shoot fig. Roots are provided with permanent growing point and can grow in length indefinitely. In addition, in pteridophytes, the gametophyte is often very thin and can be unistratose, especially at the margins yatskievych, 2003.
Haploid or gametophytic phase is longer lived while sporophyte phase is shorter lived. The current trends in the subject are explained in a simple, lucid and understandablewriting style. Pteridophyta in the broad interpretation of the term are. Sporangia are produced in groups sori on sporophylls. Jan 23, 2017 some pteridophytes are aquatic marselia, azolla and some are epiphytes ophioglossum pendulum. In terms of duration in the life cycle the gametophyte is insignificant. Useful notes on alternation of generations of pteridophytes. Which is larger in pteridophytes, the sporophyte or the gametophyte. Origin and evolution of sporophyte in bryophytes ch09 life sciences, botany, zoology, bioscience. Sporophytic plant body the main independent plant body is sporophyte. Later on fertilization takes place and a zygote is produced which. Pteridophytes ferns and lycophytes are freesporing vascular plants that have a life cycle with alternating, freeliving gametophyte and sporophyte phases that are independent at maturity. The sporophyte is much larger and longer lived than the gametophyte.
Key difference bryophytes vs pteridophytes vs gymnosperms. It develops from the zygote produced when a haploid egg cell is fertilized by a haploid sperm and each sporophyte cell therefore has a double set of chromosomes, one set from each parent. The photosynthesis is restricted to leaves which are provided. An appraisal and conservation strategies for the pteridophytes of.
The pteridophytes occupy an intermediate position between the bryophytes and gymnosperms. Tippo 1942 considered tracheophyta to include pteridophytes and spermatophytes. The printed version, however, was effectively published on 6 june 20. Classification of pteridophyta linkedin slideshare. In many species, they are protected by an umbrellalike cover called the indusium. Read the introductory remarks and list of characteristics of the bryophytes p. Heterosporous megaspores important in species identifications and gametophyte development is endosporic. The modern classification of pteridophytes have been suggested by many scientist according to the sporne1975 pteridophytes have been classified into six classes. Chapter 22 bryophytes university of california, davis. There are two theories regarding evolution of bryophytes. Because pteridophytes produce neither flowers nor seeds, they are sometimes referred to as cryptogams, meaning that their means of reproduction is hidden. The sporophyte of birds nest fern asplenium nidus, showing broad leaves with linear. Following syngamy 8, the embryonic sporophyte 9 emerges from the archaegonium. Spores develop in sporangia are homosporous or heterosporous.
Sphenophyta, pterophyta from biol 9 at the university of hong kong. Origin and evolution of sporophyte in bryophytes youtube. A pteridophyte is a vascular plant that disperses spores. A few pteridophytes are aquatic while still others are epiphytes. Sporophyte is differentiated into stem, leaves and roots. Bryophytes vs pteridophytes similarities and difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes bryophytes are most primitive land plants predominantly grow in moist and shaded places. First, meiosis must be delayed in the zygote, which, as you recall, is. Some of the characters of pteridophytes are as follows.
The evolution of the species under the plant kingdom is based on their adaptability to terrestrial environments. Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants except ferns. Pdf difference between bryophytes and pteridophytes. The vascular tissue is confined to the central region of the stem forming the. A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns pdf.
The reasons for the predominance of the sporophyte in the life cycle are not far to seek. The conspicuous plant is the sporophyte or nonsexual generation. The function of the seed is to protect and disperse the next generation away from the parent plant, in both space and time. Bryophytes are known as the amphibians of plant kingdom since water is essential for the completion of their life cycle. They are both land plants embryophytes, with all the features that come with that. Plants are eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic organisms that are capable of photosynthesizing. The sporophyte is the conspicuous and familiar plant body. Gymnosperm, angiosperm, sporophyte, gametophyte, bryophyte. Pteridophytes differ from bryophytes in that the sporophyte is branched and generally much larger and more conspicuous, and from seed plants in.
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